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A traditional three-coat plaster job was used in the Manhattan Brownstone where the original ceiling cornice was uncovered. First a scratch coat is applied (above left), followed by a brown coat (above right), and finally a thin finish or white coat that blends the new plaster wall into the profile of the cornice.
Wire lath is used where new support is needed for the plaster application. It has many "keys" for holding the plaster and is finished with a metal bead at the corners. The scratch coat (shown here) goes to within two inches of the bead. The brown coat will go just to the corner. The finish coat will cover the bead completely and taper to the corner.
A lime-putty gauge holds water onto which plaster is sprinkled then left to sit or "slake". After it rests, the lime-plaster mix is ready to be blended into putty for the finish coat.
Once it has stopped giving off heat, the lime plaster is ready to be mixed into putty and applied as a finish or white coat.
A very thin finish coat is applied to the brown coat. It must be kept wet and troweled to a smooth, hard finish. When dry, it will be rock solid and shiny like marble.
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Discovering an intact ceiling cornice made Bob, Chris Vila, and architect Brian O'Keefe rethink plans to completely gut the interior space during demolition in the Manhattan Brownstone. Instead, they decided to keep the cornice and make it a focal point for the large living area in the center of this floor-through apartment. The challenge was to rebuild the wall without changing the profile or having drywall that extended beyond the face of the cornice. They turned to Boro Plastering of Hyde Park, New York, to create an original plaster wall that would dovetail with the existing cornice.
The Manhattan remodel is not a strict restoration project, but the craftsmen involved recognize the value of high-quality workmanship as evidenced in the original structure. A true plaster job is the best way to complete a wall in a period home. There's no doubt that "three-coat plaster is unmatched in strength and durability," according to the National Parks Service Web site. "It resists fire and reduces sound transmission." It also most closely replicates the original finishes in this Upper West Side Brownstone.
Three-Coat Plaster
Plaster must be applied in such a way that it adheres to the support surface, bears its weight load without cracking, and exhibits a smooth, hard, finished surface suitable for painting or papering. A quality plaster job begins with the lath on which the plaster will be applied. Traditional lath and plaster jobs used wood lath, but the moisture level in wood makes it expand and contract, which can make plaster crack. Metal lath is a more reliable surface for plastering since it does not retain moisture and provides more "keys" or spaces in its surface for proper adhesion. Interestingly, metal lath was just coming into popularity in the United States at the time this building was constructed.
The three-coat plaster system begins with two coarse or rough coats. These coats form the base of the wall and are mixed of lime or gypsum, aggregate, fiber, and water. Sand is the most common aggregate used in rough-coat plaster. The lime is typically derived from limestone or ground oyster shells. Many firms now work with gypsum since it eliminates the need for added fiber and has a much quicker set up and drying time. Boro works with a ratio of three-to-one, bags of sand to bags of gypsum, for their rough coats.
The first coat is called the scratch coat and is applied at 3/8-inch thick then scratched or scored with a comb to give it a rough texture. The second rough coat is made of the same mixture and is called the "brown coat". The brown coat is applied directly to the scratch coat, also at a 3/8-inch thickness, but left unscored. The sand provides a rough texture that gives the light, 1/8-inch finish coat a surface to grip onto.
It's All in the Mix
With a traditional lime finish coat like the one used in the Manhattan Brownstone, the plasterer becomes a chemist. "This is where art meets science," Bob says, as he watches the mix being prepared for the lime putty. First the plasterer creates a "gauge" that is a circle of putty, banked up like a swimming pool, on the mixing board. Into this circle he pours water, and then sprinkles the water with plaster. The measurements are inexact to the untrained eye, but very precise to the plasterer who has to "feel it out," as Gary Annino of Boro Plastering explains.
Once poured in, the lime and plaster mix is left to "slake" or sit and transform itself. The reaction is complete when the slaked lime stops giving off heat. At this point it is ready to be mixed into putty. This lime putty is used for the finish coat of plaster that is skimmed onto the wall and smoothed to create a hard, shiny finish coat. Master plasterers work with a spray bottle to keep the plaster wet as they smooth it to a perfect finish.
Beneath the Surface
"Each plaster job is unique," Annino says. The quality of any plaster job and the degree of adhesion depends, in large part, on the integrity of the surface on which it's applied. The plaster crew must first assess the existing walls, masonry, or ceilings that need to be plastered. "Our crew makes a determination on an individual basis," Annino says. Sometimes they can use the brick surface that remains, sometimes they must affix wire lath to the brick to serve as a support for keying the new plaster.
In the Manhattan Brownstone, a variety of methods were employed, including plastering directly over the existing brick walls that were first treated with a blue bonding agent. In areas where the brick had deteriorated, wire lath was used to create a sound surface and a level wall. Where the ceiling had been punched open for ceiling supports, patching was done with wire mesh and plaster before a skim coat was applied to the entire ceiling. The crew crafted the job around the cornices, building plaster walls and reviving the ceiling without building out beyond the cornice profile.
For more information on Repairing Historic Flat Plaster Walls and Ceilings visit the National Park Service Web site.
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